Fast Food Addiction Essay - 1457 Words

In looking below the surface of America’s love affair with fast foods, research finds some revealing manifestations that are propelling increasing obesity rates and are thus pushing us toward a growing health epidemic. The increasingly busy lifestyles of our society along with our overreliance on processed and pre-packaged foods are driving the multi-billion dollar food industry today. The food industries strategy to optimize profits through mass produced and processed foods is creating physically addictive products similar to tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs with equally predictable consequences. These products need to be more clearly understood, identified and labeled for their potentially destructive nature to consumers.†¦show more content†¦This paper seeks to put information in the readers hand to help make that determination and to better understand if the problem is significantly driven by the dramatic increase, and availability, of highly processed ingredie nts specifically used within the fast food delivery system. In order to reach a valid assessment of this situation, this paper will examine how highly processed foods are created and what evidence exists toward making the case for related food addiction and associated health consequences. The focus will then turn toward understanding the nature and psychology of addiction and how this correlates to food consumption, obesity and how this compares to other common addictions in society today. After the technical and psychological foundations are established, the research will turn toward understanding the statistical data associated with fast food; it will also reveal if there is compelling evidence supporting the growing obesity epidemic and fast food consumption. Finally, if a determination for food addiction, driven by processed foods, is validated, this paper will suggest a strategy to acknowledge the issue and propose first steps toward better protecting consumers. The term or idea of processing food is nothing new after all, we processShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fast Food Addiction667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food is Our New Addiction Obesity is increasing rapidly because of the fast food. Showing and telling people how unhealthy to eat the fast food is extremely hard because it is now the popular culture for the societies those are dominated by the fast food industries. High profit and low cost is the primary reason why there are many Burger Kings and McDonald’s in the world (Kenway, â€Å"Junk food: The New Tobacco†). Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that the fast food industriesRead MoreDon t Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko962 Words   |  4 Pagesthoroughly about fast food and the companies behind it. Zincozenko also talks about fast food companies have affected him and other in today’s world. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There were many people in this situation then and there are many people in this situation now. People go to fast food restaurants because it is convenient, cheap, and on the go. However, all these ‘restaurants’ do not sell quality food as they advertiseRead MoreThe Western Phenomenon Of Fat And Poor1109 Words   |  5 Pagesweight-related diseases? Many Americans live paycheck to paycheck. After bills are taken care of, the necessity that always suffers because of financial insecurities is food. People are quick to choose the cheap and fast food options over their healthy and time-consuming counterparts. This leaves many Americans to pick up the check for their bad food decisions later in life. At McDonald’s, a cheeseburger is cheaper than a salad, but a triple bypass surgery or a lifetime insulin supply surely costs more in theRead MoreDon t Blame The Eater By Davi d Zinczenko931 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected him. In addition, he speaks about fast food and the companies behind it. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There are countless people in this situation. People also go to fast food restaurants because it is convenient, cheap, and on the go. The problem is that these ‘restaurants’ do not sell quality food as they advertise on TV, radio, and online. They sell cheap, processed foods that cause health problems to their consumersRead MoreThe Article Don t Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko974 Words   |  4 PagesZinczenko shares his experience on how fast food has effect his childhood and teenage years. He explains how teenagers can put on weight with a fast food and part of the problem is the lack in nutritional information about fast food. In addition, he speaks about fast food and the companies behind it. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There are countless people in this situation. People also go to fast food restaurants because it is convenientRead MoreFast Food Is Bad For You1377 Words   |  6 PagesIt is not a secret that fast food is bad for you, however people believe that there is nothing wrong with eating fast food in moderation. It really comes down to ignorance being blissful. Our bodies are like vehicles. You want the best fuel for the car, but does fast food provide the right fuel for your body? The fast food industry gives that option to people, giving regular gas when gas-guzzler’s require premium fuel. The main reason fast food should be foods to avoid is an obvious one: it can leadRead More Were All Dying for a Big Mac Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pages and youve got an hour to eat. No problem; theres a McDonalds a mere five minutes from the office. You could go there-its hot, its fast, and its convenient. Besides, they supposedly have healthy foods like chicken and fish on the menu. Approximately 45.8 million people are served at fast food restaurants every day in America, and why not? Fast foods are pre-prepared meals that are served quickly at several restaurants strategically located throughout nearly every American city. But thereRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fast Food1327 Words   |  6 Pages The prevalence of fast food is growing at a rapid pace in more and more countries around the world. The advantages of fast food such as cost, taste, convenience, and fast service makes eating fast food a convenient and cheap source of food for busy individuals. While fast food has its advantages it also has its disadvantages such as high in fat/calories, weight gain, and serious health risks. In this paper, I will discuss the disadvantages of fast food and why they outweigh the advantages whileRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 Pagesjunk food companies, this outbreak continues to claim thousands of lives each year. In our country today, this epidemic trails tobacco use in the second leading cause of preventable death. Many researchers have studied this horrible plague, and the only cure is the motivation to live a healthier lifestyle. Although the profits from major junk-food companies contribute significantly to America s economy, the nation is blind to the detriment of junk food to their bodies: therefore, junk food shouldRead MoreEssay on The American Fast Food Industry1420 Words   |  6 Pages The fast food industry in America has many drawbacks at the cost of supplying food to the American population. Since many people are ignorant of the process their food goes through in order to become the edible meal they consume, American companies easily take advantage of them. In class, we discussed a â€Å"Food Bill of Rights†. I believe that this is necessary in order to keep the food industry safe for the American public and environment. The main focus of my â€Å"Food Bill of Rights† is to ensure

The wife of his youth free essay sample

After the civil war, racial issues affect society and Charles Chesnutt a regional realist writer tackles the subject. The difference between black and white, which should logically disappear, increases, and the African American community is experiencing exclusion in some societies. Chesnutt through his text The Wife of his youth refers to the problem by showing the contrast between black and white. He does not hesitate to create a character belonging to the two worlds so that embodies the image of a possible unification. The essay begins by the exclusion accentuated by the Blue Veins, followed by the real role of Mr Ryder and what it represents. Will also be discussed, the arrival of Liza character and the consequences it represents and to finish the regional realist style of Charles Chesnutt will be evoked. Blue veins society appears as the symbol of the exclusion of black people, but also as the social ascension of light skin people. In fact it highlights the difference between black and white and the difficulties faced by African Americans to get a place in society. Perceive the blue vein on the arms of the group members is not a criterion in itself, but it excludes people who have dark skin. Belong to this Society provides a sense of superiority over other people, makes them stronger and more important. We may assume that Chesnutt emphasize the words Among people, their circle and envious outsider (Chesnutt 27) to show that belonging to the group is to belong to a â€Å"better† world. The Blue Veins embodies the symbol of exclusion, as is clearly shown this sentence; no one was eligible for membership who you was not white enough to show Blue veins (Chesnutt 27). The Society encourages clearly the difference between black and white. Through this real fact using black and white people contrast, we recognize the regional realist style of Charles Chesnutt. After the war, people have the desire to move forward and the blue veins is maybe seen by Charles Chesnutt as a step backwards, knowing that one of the aims of this war being to obtain freedom and recognition in society. The fact that Mr Ryder is the head of the Blue Veins society can be seen as a contrast that Chesnutt tries to evidence throughout the text. In fact, although Ryder is a member of this society, he is nonetheless different from others; While he was not as white as some of the Blue Veins his appearance was such as to confer distinction upon them† (Chesnutt 28). In addition, knowing his past and the fact that he was married to a black woman shows that he makes no difference between black and white people. One can assume that Chesnutt presents Mr Ryder as the figure of unification between white and African American. However we note that there is a contrast between his past and his future. He plans to get married with Mrs Dixon, who is his opposite at every level; she was whiter than he, and better educated (Chesnutt 28) She was much younger than he (Chesnutt 28). While he is different from others, but he must act like them because he represents the society, so you can interpret his desire to marry Mrs Dixon as a desire to confirm his membership in Blue Veins. Also, Mrs Dixon is presented as the whitest woman in the group and in comparison to Liza we find the contrast that Chesnutt developed throughout his text. Mrs Ryder represents the spirit of change and unification but he acts at odds with his thoughts. The arrival of Liza Jane marks the change in Blue Veins. As a member and leader of society Mr Ryder is constantly seeking their approval. Before the return of Liza, he obtained a degree of legitimacy within the group and was exactly like the others. At the end of this story, it is a dilemma; or he chooses the society and at the same time Mrs Dixon, or he runs the risk of presenting the black woman to the society of white people. Even if he is loyal and takes his responsibilities toward his wife, he needs the opinion of the members during the party. So the guests become witnesses and take part in the story. Mr Ryder tells the story as an exterior character, we can note the use of the pronoun he throughout its history. He raises many questions to guests to make sure they understand the situation and that they approve of his decision; Suppose That he was young, and she much older than he, that she was light, and she was black (Chesnutt 35), Suppose, too, that he made his way to the North (Chesnutt 35). He does not seek to prolong the suspense, but to test and measure the reaction of the members. This attitude shows that despite his loyalty to his wife, he is none the less attached to his current status. He unveils the truth when he feels that the members approve the eventual choice; And now, ladies and gentlemen, friends and companions, I ask you, what he should have done? (Chesnutt 36). Presumably Chesnutt put his character in a dilemma in order to show that unification is possible because at the end members share the opinion of Ryder knowing that Liza is black. This is more than an approval; it is a step forward. Charles Chesnutt uses some specific techniques of regional realist. First, he plays with the tone of his characters by using the regional dialect, but he describes some real facts, as in many others of his writings. For example in The Goophered Grape Vine (26), the narrator is an old black and the story is written in African American dialect. In The Wife of his youth, the realist is marked by racial issues raised by Charles Chesnutt, it is a real problem faced by the people of his time. He plays with the contrast between black and white. More he plays with the tone of Liza, for example, I s ben lookin fer im eber sence (Chesnutt32). Through her tone, we can say that she is humble, simple and she shows a real sincerity. But some things seem unrealistic. The fact that the woman has waited and looking for her husband during all this time seems unrealistic because even if she is faithful to him, it is something difficult to conceive in todays society. In addition, the story has a romantic side because ultimately everything ends well, but the fact that he renounces all for the love of an old woman shows his loyalty towards her, but seems a bit unrealistic. Chesnutt describes a real fact perhaps in order to change things, to challenge racial problems through this story. Charles Chesnutt uses this story to raise an issue that affects the society of his time. The fact that the main character is a white married previously to a black woman is not a coincidence. Its a way to show that cohabitation, unification between black and white is possible. Mr Ryder represents the figure of change, progress; he represents the world, which aspires Charles Chesnutt and many African Americans in that era.

Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control

Introduction Theory based evaluation refers to a list of policy arrangements, projects, organization as well as structure of administration in which practitioners and experts exchange ideas, lessons and methods applicable to the process of evaluation of a problem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the success of a government agency in trying to control the levels of use of a drug such as tobacco is directly dependent on factors such as the reactions of the community towards the policies, availability of resources for implementing the policies, likely reactions of the authorities of the specifics areas and possibility of obtaining findings from the government( Blanke,2004). This is achieved through determining the causes of abuse of tobacco in the society and the methods of control that are believed to be capable of resulting into its control. This is followed by determining the steps that need to be monitored as the program is implemented and methods that can be used to develop the program for the control of the drug. Success factors are then listed and if the available data and information shows that the factors cannot be achieved, it is concluded that the project is less likely to be successful in accomplishing its objectives. There are various approaches that can be used to control tobacco consumption or production. This article provides a theory based evaluation of the success in applying these approaches towards control of tobacco in a community or a country (Pechacek, 1999). Discussion There are many goals for control of tobacco consumption in any country in the world. However, the major goals are reduction of consumption of the drug by under-age youth, reduction of exposure of adults and youth to tobacco smoking and monitor and assess tobacco consumption to improve complia nce. In order to ensure control, there are various approaches that can be used. This paper provides an evaluation of these approaches.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Construction of regional offices By constructing these offices, it will be possible to monitor drugs distribution to the youth, monitoring compliance with tobacco distribution regulations, regulating the levels of tobacco promotions, provision of management services for prevention, cessation, and education of the public to reduce the levels of tobacco consumption, build capacity organizations that empower the youth with knowledge regarding the consequences of tobacco consumption (Teh-Wei, 2010) This approach towards control of tobacco consumption has certain demands that will have to be met. For instance, it will be necessary to allocate resources for construction of these offices, training of extension officers to educate the people with regards to tobacco consumption and paying them. It will also depend on the readiness of the people in the community towards accepting the recommendations of the regional workers. The control process will be regarded a success if there is a possibility of attaining these demands. However, if these demands cannot be satisfied, the control plan is considered a failure. The role of Office of Policy and Strategic planning Tobacco control plan can also be achieved by creating the Office of planning and Strategic planning. This is an office that ensures frameworks and policies are developed to reduce tobacco use. It ensures a country is represented in international referendum and in creation of agreements that enhance international partnership in control of tobacco. Internally, the office analysts who take part in educating the public can be trained by establishing partnerships with stakeholders and advisory individuals or other agencies of government a nd experts from other areas of the world. The evaluation process is based on the capability of the office to accomplish these objectives. The success of the control program is dependent on their capability to control these objectives. However, this office has the capability to construct tobacco control policies that are informed, stable and focused on preventing excessive consumption of tobacco. Formation of offices of Regulation and compliance offices The success of control of tobacco use and manufacture is also another step towards control of its production and distribution, sales, labeling and promotion to ensure citizens are protected from health complications of tobacco use. The office is also responsible for developing regulations of tobacco production and monitoring the activities of tobacco manufacturing industries to ensure they comply with tobacco production regulations (Huey-Tish, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theor y based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of this approach will be dependent on the willingness of the government to provide funding for management of these offices and availability of government control over the manufacture and distribution of tobacco in a country. Formation of Office of Research, Evaluation and Surveillance This is also an office that can effectively contribute towards control of tobacco consumption. The level of control of tobacco use will be dependent on its ability to monitor and analyze the use of tobacco and its impacts on the health of the people in a country. Its success will also be measured by its ability to educate the people on the right way of behavior towards the drug and the economic and chemical impacts of use of the drug. Furthermore, its success will be measured by its ability to direct research on bio makers of tobacco and other toxic substances. They ensure Health Warning Messages are evaluated, tobacco sales data is monitored and research is conducted to estimate the level of exposure to tobacco our smoke. References Blanke, D., Vera, S. (2004). Tobacco Control Legislation: An Introductory Guide: NJ. World Health Organization, Huey-Tish, C. (1990). Theory-driven evaluations. London; Sage. Pechacek, T. (1999). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. DIANE Publishing. Teh-Wei, H. (2010) Tobacco Control Policy Analysis in China: Economics and Health. London; World ScientificAdvertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control was written and submitted by user Abb1ga1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology

More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology By Mark Nichol This post lists words derived from words in other languages as a result of folk etymology, a process by which speakers adopt the foreign terms after revising them by using existing elements from their native language. acorn: This word is descended from the Old English term aecerne, meaning â€Å"tree nut† but originally referring in various forms in Germanic languages to the trunk of a tree; by folk etymology, the current spelling derived from a false association with ac (â€Å"oak†) and corn (â€Å"grain†). (The word is, however, related to acre.) ketchup/catsup: Ketchup, which stems from various spellings of a Malay word probably based on the Chinese term koechiap, meaning â€Å"brine of fish,† originally referred to a fish sauce but now generally pertains to the tomato-based condiment; the word became a catch-all term for a variety of sauces and gravies, of which the most predominant in the United States, by the early nineteenth century, was tomato based. The variant catchup was eventually altered, perhaps from the influence of sup, to catsup, but ketchup predominates. chestnut: The name of a type of tree, the wood harvested from it, and the edible nut it produces stems from the Latin term castanea (probably itself borrowed from a language of Asia Minor) by way of Old French and Middle English. By the early 1500s, it was (redundantly) called a chesten nut; that word developed into the current form. couch grass: This term for various types of grass has nothing to do with furniture. The word couch, and variants quack, quitch, twitch, and witch, are all corruptions of the Old English word cwice, meaning â€Å"alive† and also the forebear of quick, meaning â€Å"alive† in addition to its primary sense of â€Å"fast† (as in the phrase â€Å"the quick and the dead,† which alludes to contrasting states of being). dogwood: The first element of these names for various trees and shrubs and wood produced by dogwood trees, and the berries they produce, has nothing to do with canines; dogwood is a corruption of dagwood, with the same first element as dagger. (The very hard wood of the tree was used for making arrows and skewers.) gin: Gin, the name for a liquor flavored with juniper berries, is a truncation of genever, related to the Old French term genià ©vre and the Dutch word jenever, all of which derive from the Latin word juniperus. gingerbread: The name of the molasses- and ginger-based confection has nothing to do with bread; the term derives from the Old French word gingembrat, a variation of gimgembre, meaning â€Å"ginger.† Gingembrat, and its Middle English derivation gingebred, referred originally to a ginger paste used both in cooking and medicine. gooseberry: This shrub and its berry have no association with waterfowl; the first element may be a corruption of the Old French term grosele or the German word Krausebeere. jerky: The name of the dried meat is from the word ch’arki, from Quechua, the language of the Incas, by way of the American Spanish term charqui, meaning â€Å"jerked meat.† (Jerked means â€Å"sun-dried.†) Jerusalem artichoke: The name of this sunflower and its edible tubers has no association with the Middle Eastern city; the first word is a corruption of the Italian term girasole (â€Å"sunflower†). (The second element of that word, which was adopted directly into English, is from the Latin word sol, meaning â€Å"sun.†) rosemary: The name of this herb has nothing to do with the rose or the name Mary; it is a corruption of rosmarine, from the Latin term rosmarinus, meaning â€Å"dew of the sea,† alluding to the flourishing of the plant near coasts. (Marinus, from which marine is derived, means â€Å"from the sea.†) sandalwood: Various types of wood have been used to make sandals, but sandalwood is not one of them. Sandal, in this word, derives from the Sanskrit term Ä andana-m, which may have alluded to its use for burning incense. (That Sanskrit word, which passed through Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English in various forms, may be related to the Latin word candere, meaning â€Å"glow† or â€Å"shine,† from which candle is descended.) shamrock: There’s no connection between the clover and the notion of a fake stone; shamrock is merely the Anglicized spelling of the Irish word seamrog. spare rib: This term for a cut of pork ribs alludes to its scarcity of fat, but the source is the Middle Low German word ribbesper; sper meant â€Å"spear† or â€Å"spit† and referred to the method of roasting the meat on a spit. (Spear, spar, and spire are all related.) (This post is a sequel to a previous post.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Abstract Nouns from Adjectives50 Tips on How to Write Good

Branches of Social Sciece Essay Example for Free

Branches of Social Sciece Essay It is a branch of science that studies the customs of human society and the way in which that society functions. Of particular interest is the study of the relationships between the people hat make up that society as well as the behavior of these individuals within that society. Social Science involves any discipline or branch of science that explores the social and cultural aspects of human behavior. The disciplines of social sciences draw from a variety of fields of study and although these different areas of social sciences vary far and wide, they all aim to understand and explain human society and behavior. This study of how groups of people behave is usually done with the aim of being able to predict how they will behave in the future. The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowledge which are taught and researched at the college or university level. Social Science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. This branch of social science covers the study of the origin of human beings. Of particular interest is the study of the nature of the social relationships between people and how they have developed. Anthropology aims to give a whole and complete explanation of human nature. Anthropology is the holistic â€Å"science of man,† — a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called â€Å"primitive† in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of â€Å"inferior.† Today, anthropologists use terms such as â€Å"less complex† societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as â€Å"pastoralist† or â€Å"forager† or â€Å"horticulturalist† to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological. In this branch of social science, the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services are covered. The main focus of economics lies in understanding and explaining how economies work and how factors contributing to economies interact with each other. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word â€Å"economics† is from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [oikos], â€Å"family, household, estate,† and ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [nomos], â€Å"custom, law,† and hence means â€Å"household management† or â€Å"management of the state.† An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is â€Å"the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means havi ng alternative uses.† Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is â€Å"the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants† and â€Å"the study of the financial aspects of human behavior.† Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic school. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that â€Å"economic value† is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms’ length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. This branch of social science studies the institution of teaching in human society. Covered in this field of study are the processes by which knowledge is passed on and how specific skills are taught and learned. This process of education is examined throughout an individual’s lifetime, that is from childbirth and on to old age. Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). To educate means ‘to draw out’, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individual’s potential and talents. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology. The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents’ playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child’s development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twain’s admonition to â€Å"never let school interfere with your education†). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally. This branch of social science can be subdivided into two main sub-disciplines namely; human geography and physical geography. Human geography is mainly concerned with the built environment and the influence humans have on the spaces they occupy. Physical geography on the other hand looks into the natural environment. Of particular interest in this field is the study of how climate, vegetation & life, soil, water and landforms are produced and how they interact. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, Regional Science, and Planetology are closely related to geography. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS). The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches: physical and human. Physical geography examines phenomena related to climate, oceans, soils, and the measurement of earth. Human geography focuses on fields as diverse as Cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. Other branches of geography include Social geography, regional geography, geomatics, and environmental geography. This branch of social science covers the study of the human past. It is a field of study that uses past accounts to examine and analyze sequences of events. It also sometimes attempts to investigate in an objective manner, the patterns of cause and effect that have led to particular events taking place. History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the Turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics). However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history. This branch of social science studies the institution of the rule of law in human society and it sometimes crosses over into the humanities depending on the aspect from which it is studied. Of particular interest are its origin and the way in which a supreme power in a state commands what is â€Å"right† and prohibits what is considered â€Å"wrong.† Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one’s view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a â€Å"system of rules†,as an â€Å"interpretive concept† achieve justice, as an â€Å"authority†to mediate people’s interests, and even as â€Å"the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction†. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history’s stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word lex. In this field of study, the theory and practice of politics is examined. Also covered is the description and analysis of political systems including political behavior. Political science is the branch of social science that deals with the study of politics and analysis of its system as well as political behavior. Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method . That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline include rational choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. This branch of social science involves the study of behavior and mental processes. Of particular interest is the application of this knowledge to the treatment of mental illness. Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals’ daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek ψυχÎ ®, psyche (â€Å"soul†, â€Å"mind†) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clea rly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological Society and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A. Covered in this branch of social science is the study of human society and social action. Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix â€Å"-ology† which means â€Å"study of,† derived from Greek, and the stem â€Å"soci-† which is from the Latin word socius, meaning â€Å"companion†, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the â€Å"Father of Sociology†, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal L’Annà ©e Sociologique. Durkheim’s seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Karl Marx rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association wi th pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding of the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state. Deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including â€Å"communication†, â€Å"communication studies†, â€Å"speech communication†, â€Å"rhetorical studies†, â€Å"communications science†, â€Å"media studies†, â€Å"communication arts†, â€Å"mass communication†, â€Å"media ecology,† and â€Å"communication and media science.† Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Additional Social Science disciplines and fields of study include: †¢Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. †¢Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. †¢Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. †¢Demography is the statistical study of all populations. †¢Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. †¢Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. †¢Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. †¢Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. †¢International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world). †¢Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. †¢Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. †¢Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. †¢Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. †¢Marketing the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. †¢Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Branches of Social Sciece. (2016, Dec 24).

War on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War on Terrorism - Essay Example President Bush’s war on terrorism is counterproductive because it seems that the cost of freedom from terror is the freedom of privacy, It is questionable as to what the war on terrorism actually is. The Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.) defined war as, â€Å"A conflict among political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude† (War). Bush stated that war was declared on terrorism, but no specific countries or political groups were actually named in the declaration. The fact there were no specific guidelines set at the declaration of war has lead many to wonder if Bush’s war on terror is even legal. Now, in 2006, Bush’s continuing campaign leads many to wonder is this war on terrorism is to be a repeat of the Vietnam War. U.S. President Bush has utilized a series of legal loopholes and political strategies to keep a legally questionable war and freedom infringing policies going for almost 5 years. Lovinger and Scott (n.d.) stated that Bush’s war is illegal because: If so many aspects of Bush’s war on terrorism are illegal, how does he get away with it? Even though the Bush administration refers to its acts as part of the War on Terrorism, the campaign is not technically a war, but rather a Use of Force Resolution. The key difference in these two terms is the president’s ability to extend military force. In an article from Slate, Lithwick (2001) described the difference as, â€Å"While the wide-open wording of the joint resolution appears to give congressional approval to any act of war undertaken by President Bush, it contains several important checks on his powers† (What Sort of War, n. pag.). These checks were put in place to prevent a repeat of the Vietnam War by requiring the U.S. President to confer with Congress when implementing any new military actions. Before going into the details describing any negative impacts of the War on Terror, it is important to note that if there were no positive aspects, the U.S. would

Art - Boston Memorials, New England Holocaust Memorial Essay

Art - Boston Memorials, New England Holocaust Memorial - Essay Example The New England Holocaust Memorial is located near Congress Street in Boston and by Carmen Park. The memorial is surrounded by buildings of Boston; however, the front area is open with a black granite walk that surrounds the memorial. When walking through the memorial, one will notice a stainless steel grate underneath the main pillars. This grate covers a six foot deep chamber, which is symbolic for the several deaths that were a part of the Holocaust. The wall of each chamber is representative of the six main death camps that were a part of the Holocaust. Each is etched with the names of the death camps. When looking into these chambers, one can see coals as a part of the pit. These light the etchings of the six main death camps. The death chambers that are in the memorial are highlighted by six main pillars, each which is made out of glass. These stand at fifty four feet high and are separated only by small frames from one level to the next. The glass is in a straight, rectangular form and doesn’t contain any alternative or outside shapes. The glass is lit from the bottom to the top to serve as a reflective element of this time frame. The memorial is not focused on the main glass but instead on the detailed etchings that are in place and which are symbolic to the memorial. There are six million numbers that are etched in the six pillars of glass to represent the 6 million Jews that died during World War II. The etchings are also known to be symbolic of the required tattoos that the Jews had to wear during this time frame. The concept that Calo speaks of in terms of memorials is to create a figurative and unambiguous way of honoring those that died in a specific situation. In some instances, this is based on human attributes that were a part of this, such as self – sacrifice or duty that one withholds in a specific