14-19 Work Related Learning

Catchphrases: Student voice, vote based investment, populism, meritocracy, commodification, commercialization, post-innovation. 1 Every Child Matters ? In 2003, the Government distributed the green paper ‘Every Child Matters’ (ECM); this was distributed close by the Climbie report (2003). The ECM (2003) emphasis’s four key subjects: supporting families and vocations, kid security, multi-office coordinated effort, and guaranteeing that the individuals working with kids are esteemed, compensated and trained.The Every Child Matters (2003) green paper additionally recognized five results that are generally imperative to youngsters and youngsters: being sound, remaining safe, getting a charge out of and accomplishing, making a positive commitment and accomplishing monetary prosperity. These five results are general aspirations for each youngster and youngster, whatever their experience or circumstances.Following wide conference with kids' administrations, guardians, ki ds and youngsters, the Government distributed Every Child Matters: the Next Steps in November 2004, and passed the Children Act (2004), giving the premise to growing increasingly viable and open administrations centered around the necessities of kids, youngsters and families.The as of late framed DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) echo’s the focuses made in ECM (2004) and looks to guarantee that all kids and youngsters remain solid and sheltered, secure brilliant training and the most elevated potential gauges of accomplishment, make the most of their youth, cause a positive commitment to society and the economy, to have lives brimming with circumstance, liberated from the impacts of destitution. These results are commonly reinforcing.For model, kids and youngsters learn and flourish when they are sound, sheltered and locked in. The DCSF additionally intend to increase instructive expectations so more kids and youngsters arrive at anticipated levels, lifting more kids out of destitution and reconnecting offended youngsters. This is especially relevant to my training as the financial conditions of a large portion of my understudies disservice them. The vast majority of my understudies live in Camborne, Pool, Redruth and Hayle.These are generally perceived as denied territories in regards to monetary chances, high number of single parent family units, low business possibilities, and most of work being least pursued, moderately uncertain, low maintenance, occasional or flexi time. (SDRC 2004). This relates back to ECM (2003) in this is by all accounts applied in setting of the geographic and segment conditions of kids and youthful people.For model, an understudy from a poor single parent family unit in a denied territory with horror rates who takes an interest in underage smoking and drinking might be larger part conduct or the ‘norm’ in specific subcultures in Camborne, Redruth, Pool and Hayle yet would pull in more consider ation and worry in an increasingly prosperous zone where this was not the ‘norm’. 2 We Could be Left Behind In consistently youngsters are developing truly sooner than before bringing about a steady shortening of adolescence in a natural and social sense. This has an opposite repercussive impact including the steady protracting of adolescence in an instructive sense. Cunningham 2006) This is reflected in the recommendations in the DfE (Johnson 2007) report Raising Expectations: remaining in instruction and preparing post-16 are featuring the need to proceed with concentrate for 14-multi year olds and by 2015 the school leaving age will be expanded to 18 years old. The reasons the administration have given for such strategies being executed are delineated by the secretary of instruction; Johnson (2007:3) when he said ‘ the verifiable truth is that if a youngster proceeds with their training post 16 they are bound to accomplish important capabilities, acquire more a nd lead more joyful, more advantageous lives’.A appearing logical inconsistency to Johnsons (2007) arrangement of remaining in training longer and its advantages have been looked into by Walker and Zhu (2003:145) who attested that ‘there is no proof that raising the base school leaving age made individuals who have not proposed to leave at the base age increase their instructive expectation. This is steady with the view that instruction raises efficiency and not with the view that gainful individuals get more educated’Johnsons (2007) articulation appears to be worried about bliss, wellbeing and riches. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) has more extensive arriving at concerns. The UDHR (1948) states in Article 26 that ‘education will be coordinated to the full advancement of the human character and to the fortifying of regard for human right and crucial opportunities. It will advance getting, resistance and kinship among countries, racial or strict gatherings for the support of peace’.However, Johnson (2007:18) proceeds to clarify ‘we have an obligation to set up every single youngsters for the work market’ as ‘the world economy is creating at a perpetually fast pace. On the off chance that we don't act now we could be left behind’. So its appears that it isn't only to help our children’s prosperity that Johnson supports the guardians of the young people of today to proceed in instruction thus ‘achieving significant capabilities, procure more and lead more joyful more beneficial lives’ (Johnson 2007:3) yet more to do with more profound issues of ‘the world economy’s improvement and the UKs position of intensity inside it’.In a similar report Johnson (2007) cites look into completed by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) that strengthens the possibility that when people accomplish more elevated levels of aptitude and capability, organizations and the economy advantage. This is convincing proof that expanding the educative supply of human capital raises efficiency at the full scale financial level. Comparable to education for instance, an examination by Coulombe Trembley and Marchard (2004) found that if a nations proficiency score increments by 1% comparative with the bury national normal a 2. % relative ascent in labor efficiency and a 1. 5% ascend in GDP every year can be normal. 3 Surf’s up This accentuation on social triviality, fragmentary sensations and superfluity offers wide ramifications and questions; not least ‘what is postmodernism? Postmodernism itself is a much contested term that has involved a lot of late discussion about contemporary culture since the mid 1980s. In its easiest sense it alludes for the most part to the period of twentieth century Western culture including the results of the time of mass TV since the mid 1950s.More regularly, however, it is applied to a social condition winning in the propelled industrialist social orders since the 1960s, described by a ‘superabundance of detached pictures and styles most perceptibly in TV, publicizing, business plan, and pop video’ (Baudrillard 1998:72) In my training I notice that these media profoundly affect characterizing student’s social standing and personality inside their friend gathering. In my job as an instructor I see that the understudies are empowered through media and companion strain to consume.Children’s characters focus productively on brand names and symbols (cell phones and hoodies) which help to satisfy their yearnings to acquire items which offer expressions about what their identity is. The most popular trends all add to the character of the young people of today where an unmistakable subculture and language exist including Xboxes, ipods, beebo, Bluetooth, myspace, chavs, hoodies, emos, skaters and goths. I guarantee that I take part and include such subcultural language inside my training when clarifying errands, showing abilities or giving figurative illustrations.Whatever postmodernism is and anyway the term dodges definition, what the scholarly highbrows have been addressing on postmodernism are soon to get wiped out by their own doing. The postmodernist flood of shopper understudies have ascended the stepping stool and are nipping at the impact points old fashioned who made them like Doctor Frankenstein who is dispatched by his creation. This flood of postmodernist understudies could likewise be viewed as in a tremendous expanse of advancement where a long way from the shore one can see the arrangement of a wave.As the wave works in fame it gradually moves toward the shore, the peak breaks; postmodernity is conceived. As we stand and watch, it slips underneath itself, down into the sea, and there in time it becomes ‘the modern’, disintegrated and supplanted by one more breaking new wave. Incomprehensibly the new wave will develop in an altogether expendable, moving, fragmentary postmodern culture with desires for organized, quantifiable, normalized educative processes.One of the most recent waves to start its postmodernist excursion towards the shore before slipping go into innovation and the standard is the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) declaration in January 2008 by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) who have â€Å"allowed business organizations the capacity to grant broadly certify capabilities to representatives, just because Network Rail, Flybe and McDonald’s all accomplish the guidelines set by QCA for granting authorize capabilities, empowering them to evaluate, follow and perceive work-place learning† (QCA 2008) McQualifications This connects to Ritzers (2000) idea of the McDonaldisation of training, where instruction depends on the reason of effectiveness, calculability, and consistency and is halfway administered by non-human innovat ion. This viewpoint is established in both Fordian standards of large scale manufacturing, automation and sequential construction systems (Ling 1991) and Weberian (1968) standards in regards to the development of formal judicious frameworks with its accentuation on the guidelines and guidelines of enormous social structures.Ritzer (2000:2) applies this procedure of McDonaldisation not exclusively to ‘restaurants yet in addition t

Toyota vs GM( situation during the crisis 2008) Research Paper

Toyota versus GM( circumstance during the emergency 2008) - Research Paper Example The engine vehicle industry in the US was especially hard hit by the monetary emergency to a degree that some car goliaths must be rescued monetarily to save them. Regardless of whether Toyota’s execution was additionally influenced by the financial crunch, the relative better presentation against General Motors’s was contributed by Toyota’s fabricating approach received at the organization level. Famously known as the Toyota Production System (TPS), the workforce is persuaded to work and contribute effectively to the expansion of yield and development. There is a decent custom at the Toyota creation plants concerning modern delights portrayed by the agreeable administration of the equivalent. Toyota has had the option to effectively deal with the weight of applied by radical associations and encouraged ideal undertaking associations. As per Bunkley and Vlasic (1), the engine vehicle industry’s execution in 2008 was the most noticeably awful since 1993 as under a million units just were sold in the only us. Maybe, this clarifies why the General Motors’s execution declined. Toyotas’ execution went somewhere around twenty four percent while General Motors’s deals decay was by around sixteen percent in 2008. General Motors’s flop made an interpretation of to misfortunes adding up to more than fifteen billion US$ while Toyota’s misfortune was about 33% of General Motors’s disappointment. The presentation waning at Toyota was the most exceedingly terrible drop over the most recent two decades, and misfortunes the most noticeably awful in its whole 72 years of presence, regardless of whether it was moderately a superior exhibition than that accomplished by General Motors The differential execution by the two engine vehicle organizations can be supposed to be to a great extent because of powers outside administration ability to control. Worldwide financial execution was the central point that poor deals in the engine business can be ascribed to (Wad, 9). At the partnership the executives level, there was little intercession that could have been embraced

Questions About College Applications Answered

IvyWise Counselor Nat Addresses Questions About the Common Application and More on Twitter With the start of the 2016-17 college application season comes a lot of questions about college admissions, college essays, and more. counselor Nat took to Twitter last week to answer some pressing questions college bound students had about applying to college this fall. It’s important to remember that staying informed is one of the most important things families can do when applying to college. Students need to know what colleges are looking for and how to best showcase their interests and accomplishments in their applications. That is why we held our #ChatIvyWise Twitter talk to help students better understand what they need to do to get into their top-choice colleges. Check out some of the highlights and advice from our discussions on Twitter. [View the story "#ChatIvyWise 8.4.16" on Storify] For more college application resources and advice, check out these articles: 2016-17 Common Application Overview 2016-17 Coalition Application Guide Tips for Supplemental Essays How Many Colleges Should You Apply To? Brainstorming Tips for College Application Essays College Essay Writing Tips for Rising Seniors How College Applications are Evaluated 10 College Application Mistakes to Avoid

Accounting Principles - 721 Words

Accounting Principles The primary objectives of accounting is to keep track of transactions and recording revenue and expenses are important business processes often assigned to an accounting department or a financial manager. Accounting is a business discipline that allows companies to record analyze and retrieve critical financial information that can be used to determine a companys financial status and provide reports and insights needed to make sound financial decisions. There are four basic terms in accounting they are assets, liability, revenue , and expenses. Assets are economic resources. Anything tangible or intangible that is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic†¦show more content†¦Businesses can track which customers will pay there bills on time and which customers that will be late with payments. Accounting systems may also inform businesses when customers miss payments on accounts. This is particularly important for small businesses where every dollar is of the utmost importance for continued success. Then finally the businesses can use the simplify tax reporting systems shrink the amount of paperwork a business must keep on hand for accounting and tax purposes. The system can hold sales figures and estimated tax obligations, thereby reducing the stress of finding all the necessary documents when its time to pay taxes at the end of the year. All a business owner has to do is print out the necessary information for an accountant to go over and get back to running theShow MoreRelatedThe Accounting Principles Of Accounting1754 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Measurement of accounting elements is the most significant factors that entail the process of preparing financial statements. Accounting measurements presents the vital economic objectives for various accounting entities (Horngren, 2009). Fair value refers to a financial reporting approach operating under the accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This accounting method is also referred to as Mark-market accounting practice. In united Sates majority of the public and private companiesRead MoreAccounting Principles And Its Impact On Accounting1210 Words   |  5 Pages revised accounting standards require companies to change accounting methods. The three categories for changes are accounting principles, estimates, and reporting entity. Change in accounting principles happens when a company changes from one generally accepted accounting principle to another. For instance, Company A uses FIFO inventory cost method but decides to uses LIFO instead. Revision of an estimate because of new information or new experience is called change in accounting estimate.Read MoreWalmarts Accounting Principles1090 Words   |  5 PagesFour Accounting Principles Sharon Wallace American Intercontinental University Accounting Principles 2012 Four Accounting Principles ABSTRACT Accounting principles used by Wal-Mart and the core function of its departments. Wal-Mart’s strength and weaknesses will be listed. Wal-Mart’s last two years of accounting statements are also present. FOUR ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES Read MoreThe Accounting Principles And Procedures927 Words   |  4 Pagesverifiable, consistency, and comparability when applying accounting principles and procedures. The accounting principles and procedures directly affect the company’s balance sheet and it financial statement by depending on hot it’s prepared and interpreted. If there are any changes in the accounting principles and procedures when preparing the financial statements, it should be notified and documented any changes that made to the company’s accounting practices. Therefore, this paper is going to addressRead MorePrinciples And Concepts Of Accounting2338 Words   |  10 Pages Principles and Concepts of Accounting Name Institution Introduction The major accounting principles that guide accounting practices are endorsed on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This is an international guidelines that all the companies and organizations are expected to apply in their operations. These principles are further classified into assumption and constraints. The assumption principles include business entity, going concern, monetary unit and time periodRead MoreAccounting Principles Assignment2931 Words   |  12 Pagesexamples,how the major accounting concepts are used in preparing financial statements. Answer : There are several accounting concepts that are used by the accountants worldwide in preparing financial statements.Using these principles one can prepare a fair and accurate financial statement for a period that would reflect the true condition of the business. Among all the accounting principles,there are some very important fundamental concepts.Those major accounting concepts are : Read MoreThe Two Principles Of Accrual Accounting891 Words   |  4 Pages In order to fully understand the accounting cycle and complete all eight steps, an accountant must understand the adjusting and closing process and be able to prepare trial balances. The unadjusted, adjusted, and post-closing trial balances are all prepared during the eight step accounting cycle. In order to maintain the most accurate financial statements, accrual accounting should be used. Accrual accounting is an â€Å"accounting method that records revenues when earned and expenses when incurred withoutRead MoreFoundational Accounting Principles and Terminology1060 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology 1 TUI University Eric Bollar Module 1: Case Assignment ACC501 Accounting For Decision Making Dr. Wendy Achilles January 21, 2011 Foundational Accounting Principles and Terminology 2 We all know how important the accounting aspect of any business/organization is. It is basically the most important way to manageRead MoreGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles1314 Words   |  6 PagesAccountants use generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to guide them in recording and reporting financial information. GAAP comprises a broad set of principles that have been developed by the accounting profession and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Two laws, the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, give the SEC authority to establish reporting and disclosure requirements. However, the SEC usually operates in an oversight capacity, allowing the FASBRead MoreThe Basic Principles of Accounting - 11176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Basic Principles of Accounting Cherry Marler ACCT205-1203A-17, IP-1 Instructor Jeffery Bloom June 06, 2012 Abstract Accounting is used for several purposes. Investors, creditors, and individuals use accounting to see whether a business is successful or not. Managers and employees use accounting to make decisions on certain objectives. There are four main statements used in accounting: The balance sheet, income statement, the statement of retained earnings, and the statement of cash

Fast Food Addiction Essay - 1457 Words

In looking below the surface of America’s love affair with fast foods, research finds some revealing manifestations that are propelling increasing obesity rates and are thus pushing us toward a growing health epidemic. The increasingly busy lifestyles of our society along with our overreliance on processed and pre-packaged foods are driving the multi-billion dollar food industry today. The food industries strategy to optimize profits through mass produced and processed foods is creating physically addictive products similar to tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs with equally predictable consequences. These products need to be more clearly understood, identified and labeled for their potentially destructive nature to consumers.†¦show more content†¦This paper seeks to put information in the readers hand to help make that determination and to better understand if the problem is significantly driven by the dramatic increase, and availability, of highly processed ingredie nts specifically used within the fast food delivery system. In order to reach a valid assessment of this situation, this paper will examine how highly processed foods are created and what evidence exists toward making the case for related food addiction and associated health consequences. The focus will then turn toward understanding the nature and psychology of addiction and how this correlates to food consumption, obesity and how this compares to other common addictions in society today. After the technical and psychological foundations are established, the research will turn toward understanding the statistical data associated with fast food; it will also reveal if there is compelling evidence supporting the growing obesity epidemic and fast food consumption. Finally, if a determination for food addiction, driven by processed foods, is validated, this paper will suggest a strategy to acknowledge the issue and propose first steps toward better protecting consumers. The term or idea of processing food is nothing new after all, we processShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fast Food Addiction667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food is Our New Addiction Obesity is increasing rapidly because of the fast food. Showing and telling people how unhealthy to eat the fast food is extremely hard because it is now the popular culture for the societies those are dominated by the fast food industries. High profit and low cost is the primary reason why there are many Burger Kings and McDonald’s in the world (Kenway, â€Å"Junk food: The New Tobacco†). Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that the fast food industriesRead MoreDon t Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko962 Words   |  4 Pagesthoroughly about fast food and the companies behind it. Zincozenko also talks about fast food companies have affected him and other in today’s world. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There were many people in this situation then and there are many people in this situation now. People go to fast food restaurants because it is convenient, cheap, and on the go. However, all these ‘restaurants’ do not sell quality food as they advertiseRead MoreThe Western Phenomenon Of Fat And Poor1109 Words   |  5 Pagesweight-related diseases? Many Americans live paycheck to paycheck. After bills are taken care of, the necessity that always suffers because of financial insecurities is food. People are quick to choose the cheap and fast food options over their healthy and time-consuming counterparts. This leaves many Americans to pick up the check for their bad food decisions later in life. At McDonald’s, a cheeseburger is cheaper than a salad, but a triple bypass surgery or a lifetime insulin supply surely costs more in theRead MoreDon t Blame The Eater By Davi d Zinczenko931 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected him. In addition, he speaks about fast food and the companies behind it. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There are countless people in this situation. People also go to fast food restaurants because it is convenient, cheap, and on the go. The problem is that these ‘restaurants’ do not sell quality food as they advertise on TV, radio, and online. They sell cheap, processed foods that cause health problems to their consumersRead MoreThe Article Don t Blame The Eater By David Zinczenko974 Words   |  4 PagesZinczenko shares his experience on how fast food has effect his childhood and teenage years. He explains how teenagers can put on weight with a fast food and part of the problem is the lack in nutritional information about fast food. In addition, he speaks about fast food and the companies behind it. Zinczenko ate a lot of fast food when he was younger because that is what his mother could afford. There are countless people in this situation. People also go to fast food restaurants because it is convenientRead MoreFast Food Is Bad For You1377 Words   |  6 PagesIt is not a secret that fast food is bad for you, however people believe that there is nothing wrong with eating fast food in moderation. It really comes down to ignorance being blissful. Our bodies are like vehicles. You want the best fuel for the car, but does fast food provide the right fuel for your body? The fast food industry gives that option to people, giving regular gas when gas-guzzler’s require premium fuel. The main reason fast food should be foods to avoid is an obvious one: it can leadRead More Were All Dying for a Big Mac Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pages and youve got an hour to eat. No problem; theres a McDonalds a mere five minutes from the office. You could go there-its hot, its fast, and its convenient. Besides, they supposedly have healthy foods like chicken and fish on the menu. Approximately 45.8 million people are served at fast food restaurants every day in America, and why not? Fast foods are pre-prepared meals that are served quickly at several restaurants strategically located throughout nearly every American city. But thereRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fast Food1327 Words   |  6 Pages The prevalence of fast food is growing at a rapid pace in more and more countries around the world. The advantages of fast food such as cost, taste, convenience, and fast service makes eating fast food a convenient and cheap source of food for busy individuals. While fast food has its advantages it also has its disadvantages such as high in fat/calories, weight gain, and serious health risks. In this paper, I will discuss the disadvantages of fast food and why they outweigh the advantages whileRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 Pagesjunk food companies, this outbreak continues to claim thousands of lives each year. In our country today, this epidemic trails tobacco use in the second leading cause of preventable death. Many researchers have studied this horrible plague, and the only cure is the motivation to live a healthier lifestyle. Although the profits from major junk-food companies contribute significantly to America s economy, the nation is blind to the detriment of junk food to their bodies: therefore, junk food shouldRead MoreEssay on The American Fast Food Industry1420 Words   |  6 Pages The fast food industry in America has many drawbacks at the cost of supplying food to the American population. Since many people are ignorant of the process their food goes through in order to become the edible meal they consume, American companies easily take advantage of them. In class, we discussed a â€Å"Food Bill of Rights†. I believe that this is necessary in order to keep the food industry safe for the American public and environment. The main focus of my â€Å"Food Bill of Rights† is to ensure

The wife of his youth free essay sample

After the civil war, racial issues affect society and Charles Chesnutt a regional realist writer tackles the subject. The difference between black and white, which should logically disappear, increases, and the African American community is experiencing exclusion in some societies. Chesnutt through his text The Wife of his youth refers to the problem by showing the contrast between black and white. He does not hesitate to create a character belonging to the two worlds so that embodies the image of a possible unification. The essay begins by the exclusion accentuated by the Blue Veins, followed by the real role of Mr Ryder and what it represents. Will also be discussed, the arrival of Liza character and the consequences it represents and to finish the regional realist style of Charles Chesnutt will be evoked. Blue veins society appears as the symbol of the exclusion of black people, but also as the social ascension of light skin people. In fact it highlights the difference between black and white and the difficulties faced by African Americans to get a place in society. Perceive the blue vein on the arms of the group members is not a criterion in itself, but it excludes people who have dark skin. Belong to this Society provides a sense of superiority over other people, makes them stronger and more important. We may assume that Chesnutt emphasize the words Among people, their circle and envious outsider (Chesnutt 27) to show that belonging to the group is to belong to a â€Å"better† world. The Blue Veins embodies the symbol of exclusion, as is clearly shown this sentence; no one was eligible for membership who you was not white enough to show Blue veins (Chesnutt 27). The Society encourages clearly the difference between black and white. Through this real fact using black and white people contrast, we recognize the regional realist style of Charles Chesnutt. After the war, people have the desire to move forward and the blue veins is maybe seen by Charles Chesnutt as a step backwards, knowing that one of the aims of this war being to obtain freedom and recognition in society. The fact that Mr Ryder is the head of the Blue Veins society can be seen as a contrast that Chesnutt tries to evidence throughout the text. In fact, although Ryder is a member of this society, he is nonetheless different from others; While he was not as white as some of the Blue Veins his appearance was such as to confer distinction upon them† (Chesnutt 28). In addition, knowing his past and the fact that he was married to a black woman shows that he makes no difference between black and white people. One can assume that Chesnutt presents Mr Ryder as the figure of unification between white and African American. However we note that there is a contrast between his past and his future. He plans to get married with Mrs Dixon, who is his opposite at every level; she was whiter than he, and better educated (Chesnutt 28) She was much younger than he (Chesnutt 28). While he is different from others, but he must act like them because he represents the society, so you can interpret his desire to marry Mrs Dixon as a desire to confirm his membership in Blue Veins. Also, Mrs Dixon is presented as the whitest woman in the group and in comparison to Liza we find the contrast that Chesnutt developed throughout his text. Mrs Ryder represents the spirit of change and unification but he acts at odds with his thoughts. The arrival of Liza Jane marks the change in Blue Veins. As a member and leader of society Mr Ryder is constantly seeking their approval. Before the return of Liza, he obtained a degree of legitimacy within the group and was exactly like the others. At the end of this story, it is a dilemma; or he chooses the society and at the same time Mrs Dixon, or he runs the risk of presenting the black woman to the society of white people. Even if he is loyal and takes his responsibilities toward his wife, he needs the opinion of the members during the party. So the guests become witnesses and take part in the story. Mr Ryder tells the story as an exterior character, we can note the use of the pronoun he throughout its history. He raises many questions to guests to make sure they understand the situation and that they approve of his decision; Suppose That he was young, and she much older than he, that she was light, and she was black (Chesnutt 35), Suppose, too, that he made his way to the North (Chesnutt 35). He does not seek to prolong the suspense, but to test and measure the reaction of the members. This attitude shows that despite his loyalty to his wife, he is none the less attached to his current status. He unveils the truth when he feels that the members approve the eventual choice; And now, ladies and gentlemen, friends and companions, I ask you, what he should have done? (Chesnutt 36). Presumably Chesnutt put his character in a dilemma in order to show that unification is possible because at the end members share the opinion of Ryder knowing that Liza is black. This is more than an approval; it is a step forward. Charles Chesnutt uses some specific techniques of regional realist. First, he plays with the tone of his characters by using the regional dialect, but he describes some real facts, as in many others of his writings. For example in The Goophered Grape Vine (26), the narrator is an old black and the story is written in African American dialect. In The Wife of his youth, the realist is marked by racial issues raised by Charles Chesnutt, it is a real problem faced by the people of his time. He plays with the contrast between black and white. More he plays with the tone of Liza, for example, I s ben lookin fer im eber sence (Chesnutt32). Through her tone, we can say that she is humble, simple and she shows a real sincerity. But some things seem unrealistic. The fact that the woman has waited and looking for her husband during all this time seems unrealistic because even if she is faithful to him, it is something difficult to conceive in todays society. In addition, the story has a romantic side because ultimately everything ends well, but the fact that he renounces all for the love of an old woman shows his loyalty towards her, but seems a bit unrealistic. Chesnutt describes a real fact perhaps in order to change things, to challenge racial problems through this story. Charles Chesnutt uses this story to raise an issue that affects the society of his time. The fact that the main character is a white married previously to a black woman is not a coincidence. Its a way to show that cohabitation, unification between black and white is possible. Mr Ryder represents the figure of change, progress; he represents the world, which aspires Charles Chesnutt and many African Americans in that era.

Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control

Introduction Theory based evaluation refers to a list of policy arrangements, projects, organization as well as structure of administration in which practitioners and experts exchange ideas, lessons and methods applicable to the process of evaluation of a problem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theory based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the success of a government agency in trying to control the levels of use of a drug such as tobacco is directly dependent on factors such as the reactions of the community towards the policies, availability of resources for implementing the policies, likely reactions of the authorities of the specifics areas and possibility of obtaining findings from the government( Blanke,2004). This is achieved through determining the causes of abuse of tobacco in the society and the methods of control that are believed to be capable of resulting into its control. This is followed by determining the steps that need to be monitored as the program is implemented and methods that can be used to develop the program for the control of the drug. Success factors are then listed and if the available data and information shows that the factors cannot be achieved, it is concluded that the project is less likely to be successful in accomplishing its objectives. There are various approaches that can be used to control tobacco consumption or production. This article provides a theory based evaluation of the success in applying these approaches towards control of tobacco in a community or a country (Pechacek, 1999). Discussion There are many goals for control of tobacco consumption in any country in the world. However, the major goals are reduction of consumption of the drug by under-age youth, reduction of exposure of adults and youth to tobacco smoking and monitor and assess tobacco consumption to improve complia nce. In order to ensure control, there are various approaches that can be used. This paper provides an evaluation of these approaches.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Construction of regional offices By constructing these offices, it will be possible to monitor drugs distribution to the youth, monitoring compliance with tobacco distribution regulations, regulating the levels of tobacco promotions, provision of management services for prevention, cessation, and education of the public to reduce the levels of tobacco consumption, build capacity organizations that empower the youth with knowledge regarding the consequences of tobacco consumption (Teh-Wei, 2010) This approach towards control of tobacco consumption has certain demands that will have to be met. For instance, it will be necessary to allocate resources for construction of these offices, training of extension officers to educate the people with regards to tobacco consumption and paying them. It will also depend on the readiness of the people in the community towards accepting the recommendations of the regional workers. The control process will be regarded a success if there is a possibility of attaining these demands. However, if these demands cannot be satisfied, the control plan is considered a failure. The role of Office of Policy and Strategic planning Tobacco control plan can also be achieved by creating the Office of planning and Strategic planning. This is an office that ensures frameworks and policies are developed to reduce tobacco use. It ensures a country is represented in international referendum and in creation of agreements that enhance international partnership in control of tobacco. Internally, the office analysts who take part in educating the public can be trained by establishing partnerships with stakeholders and advisory individuals or other agencies of government a nd experts from other areas of the world. The evaluation process is based on the capability of the office to accomplish these objectives. The success of the control program is dependent on their capability to control these objectives. However, this office has the capability to construct tobacco control policies that are informed, stable and focused on preventing excessive consumption of tobacco. Formation of offices of Regulation and compliance offices The success of control of tobacco use and manufacture is also another step towards control of its production and distribution, sales, labeling and promotion to ensure citizens are protected from health complications of tobacco use. The office is also responsible for developing regulations of tobacco production and monitoring the activities of tobacco manufacturing industries to ensure they comply with tobacco production regulations (Huey-Tish, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plan to conduct Theor y based evaluation of tobacco control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of this approach will be dependent on the willingness of the government to provide funding for management of these offices and availability of government control over the manufacture and distribution of tobacco in a country. Formation of Office of Research, Evaluation and Surveillance This is also an office that can effectively contribute towards control of tobacco consumption. The level of control of tobacco use will be dependent on its ability to monitor and analyze the use of tobacco and its impacts on the health of the people in a country. Its success will also be measured by its ability to educate the people on the right way of behavior towards the drug and the economic and chemical impacts of use of the drug. Furthermore, its success will be measured by its ability to direct research on bio makers of tobacco and other toxic substances. They ensure Health Warning Messages are evaluated, tobacco sales data is monitored and research is conducted to estimate the level of exposure to tobacco our smoke. References Blanke, D., Vera, S. (2004). Tobacco Control Legislation: An Introductory Guide: NJ. World Health Organization, Huey-Tish, C. (1990). Theory-driven evaluations. London; Sage. Pechacek, T. (1999). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. DIANE Publishing. Teh-Wei, H. (2010) Tobacco Control Policy Analysis in China: Economics and Health. London; World ScientificAdvertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! 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More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology

More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology More Names of Plants, Food, and Drinks Formed by Folk Etymology By Mark Nichol This post lists words derived from words in other languages as a result of folk etymology, a process by which speakers adopt the foreign terms after revising them by using existing elements from their native language. acorn: This word is descended from the Old English term aecerne, meaning â€Å"tree nut† but originally referring in various forms in Germanic languages to the trunk of a tree; by folk etymology, the current spelling derived from a false association with ac (â€Å"oak†) and corn (â€Å"grain†). (The word is, however, related to acre.) ketchup/catsup: Ketchup, which stems from various spellings of a Malay word probably based on the Chinese term koechiap, meaning â€Å"brine of fish,† originally referred to a fish sauce but now generally pertains to the tomato-based condiment; the word became a catch-all term for a variety of sauces and gravies, of which the most predominant in the United States, by the early nineteenth century, was tomato based. The variant catchup was eventually altered, perhaps from the influence of sup, to catsup, but ketchup predominates. chestnut: The name of a type of tree, the wood harvested from it, and the edible nut it produces stems from the Latin term castanea (probably itself borrowed from a language of Asia Minor) by way of Old French and Middle English. By the early 1500s, it was (redundantly) called a chesten nut; that word developed into the current form. couch grass: This term for various types of grass has nothing to do with furniture. The word couch, and variants quack, quitch, twitch, and witch, are all corruptions of the Old English word cwice, meaning â€Å"alive† and also the forebear of quick, meaning â€Å"alive† in addition to its primary sense of â€Å"fast† (as in the phrase â€Å"the quick and the dead,† which alludes to contrasting states of being). dogwood: The first element of these names for various trees and shrubs and wood produced by dogwood trees, and the berries they produce, has nothing to do with canines; dogwood is a corruption of dagwood, with the same first element as dagger. (The very hard wood of the tree was used for making arrows and skewers.) gin: Gin, the name for a liquor flavored with juniper berries, is a truncation of genever, related to the Old French term genià ©vre and the Dutch word jenever, all of which derive from the Latin word juniperus. gingerbread: The name of the molasses- and ginger-based confection has nothing to do with bread; the term derives from the Old French word gingembrat, a variation of gimgembre, meaning â€Å"ginger.† Gingembrat, and its Middle English derivation gingebred, referred originally to a ginger paste used both in cooking and medicine. gooseberry: This shrub and its berry have no association with waterfowl; the first element may be a corruption of the Old French term grosele or the German word Krausebeere. jerky: The name of the dried meat is from the word ch’arki, from Quechua, the language of the Incas, by way of the American Spanish term charqui, meaning â€Å"jerked meat.† (Jerked means â€Å"sun-dried.†) Jerusalem artichoke: The name of this sunflower and its edible tubers has no association with the Middle Eastern city; the first word is a corruption of the Italian term girasole (â€Å"sunflower†). (The second element of that word, which was adopted directly into English, is from the Latin word sol, meaning â€Å"sun.†) rosemary: The name of this herb has nothing to do with the rose or the name Mary; it is a corruption of rosmarine, from the Latin term rosmarinus, meaning â€Å"dew of the sea,† alluding to the flourishing of the plant near coasts. (Marinus, from which marine is derived, means â€Å"from the sea.†) sandalwood: Various types of wood have been used to make sandals, but sandalwood is not one of them. Sandal, in this word, derives from the Sanskrit term Ä andana-m, which may have alluded to its use for burning incense. (That Sanskrit word, which passed through Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English in various forms, may be related to the Latin word candere, meaning â€Å"glow† or â€Å"shine,† from which candle is descended.) shamrock: There’s no connection between the clover and the notion of a fake stone; shamrock is merely the Anglicized spelling of the Irish word seamrog. spare rib: This term for a cut of pork ribs alludes to its scarcity of fat, but the source is the Middle Low German word ribbesper; sper meant â€Å"spear† or â€Å"spit† and referred to the method of roasting the meat on a spit. (Spear, spar, and spire are all related.) (This post is a sequel to a previous post.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Abstract Nouns from Adjectives50 Tips on How to Write Good

Branches of Social Sciece Essay Example for Free

Branches of Social Sciece Essay It is a branch of science that studies the customs of human society and the way in which that society functions. Of particular interest is the study of the relationships between the people hat make up that society as well as the behavior of these individuals within that society. Social Science involves any discipline or branch of science that explores the social and cultural aspects of human behavior. The disciplines of social sciences draw from a variety of fields of study and although these different areas of social sciences vary far and wide, they all aim to understand and explain human society and behavior. This study of how groups of people behave is usually done with the aim of being able to predict how they will behave in the future. The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowledge which are taught and researched at the college or university level. Social Science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. This branch of social science covers the study of the origin of human beings. Of particular interest is the study of the nature of the social relationships between people and how they have developed. Anthropology aims to give a whole and complete explanation of human nature. Anthropology is the holistic â€Å"science of man,† — a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called â€Å"primitive† in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of â€Å"inferior.† Today, anthropologists use terms such as â€Å"less complex† societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as â€Å"pastoralist† or â€Å"forager† or â€Å"horticulturalist† to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological. In this branch of social science, the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services are covered. The main focus of economics lies in understanding and explaining how economies work and how factors contributing to economies interact with each other. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word â€Å"economics† is from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [oikos], â€Å"family, household, estate,† and ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [nomos], â€Å"custom, law,† and hence means â€Å"household management† or â€Å"management of the state.† An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is â€Å"the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means havi ng alternative uses.† Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is â€Å"the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants† and â€Å"the study of the financial aspects of human behavior.† Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic school. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that â€Å"economic value† is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms’ length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. This branch of social science studies the institution of teaching in human society. Covered in this field of study are the processes by which knowledge is passed on and how specific skills are taught and learned. This process of education is examined throughout an individual’s lifetime, that is from childbirth and on to old age. Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). To educate means ‘to draw out’, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individual’s potential and talents. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology. The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents’ playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child’s development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twain’s admonition to â€Å"never let school interfere with your education†). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally. This branch of social science can be subdivided into two main sub-disciplines namely; human geography and physical geography. Human geography is mainly concerned with the built environment and the influence humans have on the spaces they occupy. Physical geography on the other hand looks into the natural environment. Of particular interest in this field is the study of how climate, vegetation & life, soil, water and landforms are produced and how they interact. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, Regional Science, and Planetology are closely related to geography. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS). The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches: physical and human. Physical geography examines phenomena related to climate, oceans, soils, and the measurement of earth. Human geography focuses on fields as diverse as Cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. Other branches of geography include Social geography, regional geography, geomatics, and environmental geography. This branch of social science covers the study of the human past. It is a field of study that uses past accounts to examine and analyze sequences of events. It also sometimes attempts to investigate in an objective manner, the patterns of cause and effect that have led to particular events taking place. History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the Turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics). However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history. This branch of social science studies the institution of the rule of law in human society and it sometimes crosses over into the humanities depending on the aspect from which it is studied. Of particular interest are its origin and the way in which a supreme power in a state commands what is â€Å"right† and prohibits what is considered â€Å"wrong.† Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one’s view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a â€Å"system of rules†,as an â€Å"interpretive concept† achieve justice, as an â€Å"authority†to mediate people’s interests, and even as â€Å"the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction†. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history’s stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word lex. In this field of study, the theory and practice of politics is examined. Also covered is the description and analysis of political systems including political behavior. Political science is the branch of social science that deals with the study of politics and analysis of its system as well as political behavior. Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method . That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline include rational choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. This branch of social science involves the study of behavior and mental processes. Of particular interest is the application of this knowledge to the treatment of mental illness. Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals’ daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek ψυχÎ ®, psyche (â€Å"soul†, â€Å"mind†) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clea rly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological Society and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A. Covered in this branch of social science is the study of human society and social action. Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix â€Å"-ology† which means â€Å"study of,† derived from Greek, and the stem â€Å"soci-† which is from the Latin word socius, meaning â€Å"companion†, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the â€Å"Father of Sociology†, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal L’Annà ©e Sociologique. Durkheim’s seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Karl Marx rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association wi th pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding of the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state. Deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including â€Å"communication†, â€Å"communication studies†, â€Å"speech communication†, â€Å"rhetorical studies†, â€Å"communications science†, â€Å"media studies†, â€Å"communication arts†, â€Å"mass communication†, â€Å"media ecology,† and â€Å"communication and media science.† Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Additional Social Science disciplines and fields of study include: †¢Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. †¢Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. †¢Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. †¢Demography is the statistical study of all populations. †¢Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. †¢Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. †¢Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. †¢Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. †¢International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world). †¢Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. †¢Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. †¢Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. †¢Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. †¢Marketing the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. †¢Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Branches of Social Sciece. (2016, Dec 24).

War on Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War on Terrorism - Essay Example President Bush’s war on terrorism is counterproductive because it seems that the cost of freedom from terror is the freedom of privacy, It is questionable as to what the war on terrorism actually is. The Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.) defined war as, â€Å"A conflict among political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude† (War). Bush stated that war was declared on terrorism, but no specific countries or political groups were actually named in the declaration. The fact there were no specific guidelines set at the declaration of war has lead many to wonder if Bush’s war on terror is even legal. Now, in 2006, Bush’s continuing campaign leads many to wonder is this war on terrorism is to be a repeat of the Vietnam War. U.S. President Bush has utilized a series of legal loopholes and political strategies to keep a legally questionable war and freedom infringing policies going for almost 5 years. Lovinger and Scott (n.d.) stated that Bush’s war is illegal because: If so many aspects of Bush’s war on terrorism are illegal, how does he get away with it? Even though the Bush administration refers to its acts as part of the War on Terrorism, the campaign is not technically a war, but rather a Use of Force Resolution. The key difference in these two terms is the president’s ability to extend military force. In an article from Slate, Lithwick (2001) described the difference as, â€Å"While the wide-open wording of the joint resolution appears to give congressional approval to any act of war undertaken by President Bush, it contains several important checks on his powers† (What Sort of War, n. pag.). These checks were put in place to prevent a repeat of the Vietnam War by requiring the U.S. President to confer with Congress when implementing any new military actions. Before going into the details describing any negative impacts of the War on Terror, it is important to note that if there were no positive aspects, the U.S. would

Art - Boston Memorials, New England Holocaust Memorial Essay

Art - Boston Memorials, New England Holocaust Memorial - Essay Example The New England Holocaust Memorial is located near Congress Street in Boston and by Carmen Park. The memorial is surrounded by buildings of Boston; however, the front area is open with a black granite walk that surrounds the memorial. When walking through the memorial, one will notice a stainless steel grate underneath the main pillars. This grate covers a six foot deep chamber, which is symbolic for the several deaths that were a part of the Holocaust. The wall of each chamber is representative of the six main death camps that were a part of the Holocaust. Each is etched with the names of the death camps. When looking into these chambers, one can see coals as a part of the pit. These light the etchings of the six main death camps. The death chambers that are in the memorial are highlighted by six main pillars, each which is made out of glass. These stand at fifty four feet high and are separated only by small frames from one level to the next. The glass is in a straight, rectangular form and doesn’t contain any alternative or outside shapes. The glass is lit from the bottom to the top to serve as a reflective element of this time frame. The memorial is not focused on the main glass but instead on the detailed etchings that are in place and which are symbolic to the memorial. There are six million numbers that are etched in the six pillars of glass to represent the 6 million Jews that died during World War II. The etchings are also known to be symbolic of the required tattoos that the Jews had to wear during this time frame. The concept that Calo speaks of in terms of memorials is to create a figurative and unambiguous way of honoring those that died in a specific situation. In some instances, this is based on human attributes that were a part of this, such as self – sacrifice or duty that one withholds in a specific

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MacBeth’s Transformation from "Brave Macbeth to "This dead Butcher" William Shakespeare's play "MacBeth" tells the story of Macbeth change from a brave general, to a vicious murderer. At the start of the play Macbeth is acknowledge by the king as a brave and honourable general, after he heard of Macbeth's great victory in the battlefield. He promotes Macbeth to Thane of Cawdor, which was still unknown by both Macbeth and Banquo when they came across the three weird sisters. "All Hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor" (I:III:51) "All Hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter" (I:III:53) Macbeth was sceptical about these prophecies, however developed faith in them when Ross, following the king's orders titles him Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth does not let on to anyone about his ever-increasing desire to become king. "If chance will have me king, why chance will crown me." (I:III:154) Macbeth tells his lady about the prophecies and she is instantly enthusiastic about the prospect of Macbeth becoming king. "Great Glamis, Worthy Cawdor! Greater than both by the all-hail hereafter! Thy letters have transported me beyond this ignorant present and I feel now the future is an instant." (I:V:58) Macbeth's desire turns to an obsession and with...

Aggression & Biological explanations

The demand to understand aggression over the years has continued to intensify as it remains the central cause for broken families and relationships, societal conflicts and most importantly the major cause of incarceration for people in all age groups.Though some scholars have concluded that biological causes of aggression, the ability to address it by changing things in the environment at different levels of growth and development makes it to be more psychological.However, it is the findings from many scholars that men are more aggressive than women which that has resulted to a more heated debate.   Joel et al (2010) found that women suffered about 65% of the total domestic violence.Aggression is any action or behavior by members of the same community that is intended to instill pain or cause harm to a specified target; for instance murder, domestic violence, manslaughter, and aggravated assault.   It from this consideration that this evaluation intrinsically analyzes aggression and why men are more aggressive compared to women.Biological explanations(a)  Ã‚     Variation in libido levelsAccording to Yvonne et al (2010), an individual’s actions can be traced from his respective genetic constitutions of chemicals that command them.   In this case, aggression arises from stimulation of these chemicals and their relation to respective environments.Biologically, men’s higher levels of aggression can be understood from two different perspectives. First the psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud considers behavior as a derivative and motivated by sexual and libido energies.Aggression is therefore a libido representation as exemplified by the Oedipus complex.   With men’s libido being relatively higher compared to women as Rhiannon ands Crisp (2010) explain, their aggressiveness is equally higher.   At childhood level, a boy of about five years develops strong sexual desires to his mother after realization that she is the provider of food.Notably, this innate desire to associate with the mother makes the boy to develop and display aggressive behavior towards the father who is considered an immediate rival. For the girls, they seek to associate more with their fathers from penis envy before they are able to resolve the conflict.   Though Yvonne et al (2010) differ with Society for Neuroscience (2007) on libido extent in causing aggressive behavior, they emphasize that boys often take longer and their aggression is evident from a broader perspective (in school and community) compared to girls.Report by Sigelman and Rider (2008) indicate that boys and girls exhibit aggression in about 10% and 6% of their varied social behaviors respectively.(b)  Ã‚   Evolutionary explanationsBuss (2005) consideration presents aggression as a factor of an individual’s chemical constitution and heredity effects.   Over the years different genes are passed down through generations to facilitate their survival in the commu nity.   Similar to non-human organisms where males fight for mating preferences and food, men equally seek to control their dominance in the community and institutions.Following the male dominance in most of the top executive positions, their aggression is projected at protecting themselves, their progenies and even relatives; an aspect that soon turns into a cycle with only one family or region being in   leadership or management.   Notably, this consideration has however received major criticism as emerging scholars cite environmental factors as the main cause of aggression.Neurotransmitter chemicals differences in men and women determine the levels of aggression in them.   Society for Neuroscience (2007) indicates that serotonin, a major neurotransmitter messenger, in ordinary levels as it mostly happens with women, have a calming effect.   However, men generally have a major deficiency of serotonin which has been linked to greater aggression levels.However, these resul ts appear to contradict previous findings by Garandeau and Cillessen (2006) which indicated that serotonin causes aggression when in higher levels.   . Yvonne et al (2010) findings are further supported by Buss (2005) who indicates that serotonin is used in treating aggressive behavior.Unlike other causes of aggression which appear to be controversial in causing aggression in people, high levels of the testosterone (male sex hormone) in men compared to women is a major cause of their aggressive behavior.Rhiannon ands Crisp (2010) explain that in a jail with males of violent crimes, their levels of testosterone was found to be higher compared to those without criminal record.   Unlike women, men’s testosterone levels easily rise at slightest provocation to make them easily get involved in different crimes.Therefore, though testosterone among men is generally high compared to women, it requires an effective precursor situation for one to be involved in aggression activity.P sychological underpinnings(a)  Ã‚   Social learningIn his view which appears to partially support biological causes of aggression, South and Georgina (2007) postulate that psychological considerations have more weight.   Naturally, people are subjected to differing environments which mould how they react to various situations.According to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, when people are subjected to aggressive environments, they internalize and latter practice related actions (Hines and Saudino, 2003).   In his experiment with children on aggressive and non-aggressive dolls, Bandura found that related aggression and non-aggressiveness was effectively replicated.   However, why are men more aggressive than women?From a cultural perspective, South and Georgina (2007) argues that men are expected to be handy and therefore often subject themselves to key aggressive events.   For instance, more boys often prefer hostile computer games as girls prefer working with dolls. South and Georgina (2007) adds that as men grow up, they often seek to relate with more aggressive systems as they consider them to be useful in defending themselves and their families.For instance, men will always seek to build up their boy muscles, train in defense skills and also watch hostile media which could easily result to aggression.   As indicated earlier, internalization of these violent actions creates a series of constant feedbacks reflected in their behavior as aggression.

Women s Rights Of Women - 1198 Words

Women today face numerous obstacles, but not as many obstacles as women in past years who have paved the way for today’s women. These women fought for the right to vote, to own property, to hold public office, and even rights to their own bodies. It is hard to imagine a time when a woman got married, she gave up all control to any property to her husband. Countless women lived for a long time without having a voice of their own. There were several pioneers involved in the women’s rights movement, each moving women one step closer to equality. These women voiced their concerns over unfair treatment and stood up for change. Today women are still fighting for some of the same causes such as equal treatment and equal pay. For many reasons I believe we still have a way to go for women to have equal rights in America. In the beginning, the push for equal rights for woman came to light in 1848 when the first women’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. There during the convention a woman named Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, Grievances, and Resolutions. This Declaration contained thirteen resolutions such as equality for women in law, education, employment, and the right to vote. It was not until twenty-one years later in 1869 that Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton would form the National Woman Suffrage Association, with the hopes of gaining the voting rights for women. In 1893 a select few women would be the first given theShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, whe re Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both s exual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there a re manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male- controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher